Many birds, such as seagulls which rarely drink fresh water, deal with the osmotic stress of taking in large quantities of salt in their food mainly by ____.​

Protonephridia are found in ____.​

The primary organ where erythropoietin is produced is the

The ____ component of plasma constitutes antibodies.​

BONUS The veins and venules may contain up to ____% of the total blood volume.​

Imagine that you have been assign the task of describing a new mammalian species.  You note that this species has mutated so RBCs no longer go through final stage of maturation.  Predict how this might affect the species.

A ____ uses air sacs to ventilate its lungs.​

During exhalation, the chest cavity ____ in size, which causes air pressure in the lungs to ____.​

What is the correct rank order for relative amount of water (most to least) required for excretion of the primary nitrogenous wastes generated by different animals?

BONUS Which artery/arteries branch(es) is/are most proximal to the beginning of the aorta at the heart?