What is the “third-variable problem”?  

  What is a between-subjects design?  

Conceptually, the numerator of the correlation coefficient formula measures  

  What is the null hypothesis in a chi-square goodness-of-fit test?  

  If you are comparing student test scores across three different teaching methods, how many levels does the factor have?  

  A researcher asked college students which Hogwarts house (Gryffindor, Slytherin, Ravenclaw, Hufflepuff) best matched their personality. The researcher wanted to know whether preferences were evenly distributed across houses and conducted a chi-square goodness-of-fit test. Analysis revealed a Cramer’s V of .42 for this study. Which of the following is the best interpretation of this effect size?  

What does the denominator of the correlation coefficient formula represent?  

  A paired-sample t test is examining whether self-esteem changes after receiving either a compliment or neutral feedback from a stranger. In this experiment, what are the independent and dependent variables?  

  A researcher calculates Cohen’s d = 0.80 for a study comparing two groups. How should this effect size be interpreted?  

In a scatterplot, each dot typically represents