Sedimentary basins that form on the continental side of mountain ranges are called _________ basins.

Of the ~4,000 known minerals, the vast majority ___________

The pillow basalts in the photo below most likely formed ____________.

Below is a photo of an outcrop where bedrock, unconsolidated sediments, and soil are all visible. Which of the three materials is youngest?Click to view larger image.

In the discontinuous series of Bowen’s reaction series, the first mineral to crystallize from a mafic melt is

How do volcanic eruptions affect global average temperatures on the Earth?

The largest known volcanic eruption in the last million years occurred at ________.

The constant motion of tectonic plates leads to convergent, divergent, and transform-plate boundaries. Which type of structure is shown in the figure below?Click to view larger image.

The image below shows an idealized soil profile divided up into soil horizons. Where in the horizon is extensive leaching found?Click to view larger image.

Minerals in geodes (as seen below) form spectacular euhedral crystals because