Which RNA molecule within the prokaryotic ribosome base-pairs with the Shine–Dalgarno sequence of mRNA during translation initiation?

An example of vertical gene transfer is 

Consider the following bacterial mRNA sequence: 5′-CAAUGCAUGCCGAGGA GGUUUCUAAUGUUCGGU-3′ (The bold portion indicates the Shine-Dalgarno sequence.) Which of the following statements correctly predicts the outcome of translation?  

In the following figure, which label represents the Shine-Dalgarno site?  

In the following figure, which type(s) of mutation(s) is/are introducing frameshifts?  

Which of the following statements correctly contrasts transcription and DNA replication in prokaryotes?

A student examined a leaf and observed that it was dark green, thin, had stoma on the lower surface only, and had a total surface area of more than two square meters. In which environment was the leaf most likely growing?

Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will have which of the following?

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels, is native to tropical rain forests of South America. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. Entrepreneurs attempted, but failed, to harvest nuts from plantations grown in Southeast Asia. Attempts to grow Brazil nut trees in South American plantations also failed. In both cases, the trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion, but set no fruit. Which of the following statements best explains the failure to cultivate Brazil nut trees in these other locations?

If you examined the cut surface at the base of this twig, how many growth rings should be present?