Case Study 2:   An 85-year-old male was admitted to the emergency room of a New York City hospital suffering from breathing difficulties and coughing.  He had a high fever, cough, and chest pain. He had presented to his local physician 3 days previously complaining of fever, headache, malaise, and pneumonia-like respiratory symptoms.  A year ago he moved into a large long-term care facility after his wife died and he has been suffering from type two diabetes for the last thirty years.  Sputum was collected for culture and sensitivity.  A sputum gram stain indicated the presence of many white blood cells and pleomorphic gram-negative coccobacilli.  The organism causing the infection did not grow on the traditional media for sputum culture.  An additional urine specimen for antigen testing was then collected and sent to a reference laboratory to confirm the diagnosis. Case Study 2 Question 1:  What was the most likely etiologic agent of infection in this patient?

Match the following resistant organisms with the best way to prevent infection and development of further resistance; each answer is only used once.

Which of the following organisms in the Enterobacteriaceae family are typically classified as definitive pathogens (Choose all that are correct)?

Which of the following organism can be found as part of the normal flora in some patients and therefore is considered an opportunistic pathogen?

Case Study 3: A 3-year old girl presented at the emergency room with bloody diarrhea, fever and vomiting. The child’s mother reported that the day-care center called yesterday morning because she started having a watery diffuse diarrhea.  That night she began to complain of severe cramps and her diarrhea became bloody and pus-filled.  The family has no recent travel history and while they are vegetarians, they only consume pasteurized milk, cheese, and egg products.  The gram stain showed many white blood cells and many gram-negative bacilli.  The culture resulted in many translucent-clear colonies on the MacConkey’s agar that were oxidase negative and fermented glucose, but not lactose.   She was admitted to the hospital to treat her dehydration and for observation.   Case Study 3 Question 2:  The symptoms of this infection were mediated by what virulence factor?

Gonorrhea is a disease that can be given a presumptive diagnosis using only a Gram stain under certain parameters.  What parameters must exist in order to provide this diagnosis? (Choose all that are correct)

Case Study 3: A 3-year old girl presented at the emergency room with bloody diarrhea, fever and vomiting. The child’s mother reported that the day-care center called yesterday morning because she started having a watery diffuse diarrhea.  That night she began to complain of severe cramps and her diarrhea became bloody and pus-filled.  The family has no recent travel history and while they are vegetarians, they only consume pasteurized milk, cheese, and egg products.  The gram stain showed many white blood cells and many gram-negative bacilli.  The culture resulted in many translucent-clear colonies on the MacConkey’s agar that were oxidase negative and fermented glucose, but not lactose.   She was admitted to the hospital to treat her dehydration and for observation.  Case Study 3 Question 1: What was the most likely etiologic agent of infection in this patient? 

Because it can harbor the pathogen and result in a carrier state, surgical removal of the gall bladder is sometimes recommended in which of the following diseases?

What was the founding year of The Ohio State University?

Below is an image of a lizard resting on top of water.  Given the properties/characteristics of water, choose which option (A/B/C) below is most accurate and explain why you made that choice.   A.  The lizard is light weighed and weighs less than the water, so it does not fall through the density of water molecules it is standing upon. B.  Water is a polar molecule and therefore cohesive. The water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds.  The hydrogen bonds ‘stretch’ allowing the lizard to remain on top of the water. C.  The polar water molecules adhere to each other so that the weight of the insect is not great enough for the molecules to break apart the covalent bonds. The lizard can remain on top of the water. Explanation: