Hart distinguishes between:a. Intent and negligenceb. Actus reus and mens reac. Law and moralityd. Justifying punishment and distributing punishment

R. v. Dudley and Stephens (1884) held:a. Duress appliedb. Recklessness appliedc. Necessity justified killingd. Necessity was no defense to murder

One criterion distinguishing necessity cases is:a. Numbers involvedb. Mens reac. Actus reusd. Intent

The Caldwell test (1982) introduced:A. Objective recklessnessB. Pure subjectivityC. NegligenceD. Strict liability

Rawls justifies punishment by:a. Strict liabilityb. Utility onlyc. Social contract fairnessd. Revenge

The “Caldwell lacuna” refers to:A. Legal defenseB. Lack of intentionC. Absence of actus reusD. Gap where defendants unaware of risk could still be liable

Gross negligence differs from ordinary negligence in that it:A. Requires maliceB. Involves intentionC. Is always criminalD. Shows a serious disregard for duty

Oblique intention refers to:a. No intentionb. Negligencec. Foreseen but not desired consequencesd. Direct aim

Necessity as a defense generally:a. Is limited and controversialb. Never appliesc. Always appliesd. Applies only in murder

Duress requires threats that are:a. Future-basedb. Minorc. Immediate and credibled. Hypothetical