In class, we discussed the origin of the name “Student’s t-d…

In class, we discussed the origin of the name “Student’s t-distribution.” This distribution is widely used in statistics for inference with small samples (and was the basis for the t-tests we learned about in Week 11). Tell the story of how this distribution got its unusual name. Who developed it, where were they working, and why did they publish under a pseudonym? Why is this story a memorable example of how important statistical discoveries can come from unexpected places?

A researcher compares the average number of hours students s…

A researcher compares the average number of hours students spend outdoors in spring between two schools. School A:n₁ = 12, x̄₁ = 14 hours, s₁ = 3 School B:n₂ = 10, x̄₂ = 11 hours, s₂ = 5 a) Test whether School A students spend a different time outdoors than School B students at a .05 level of significance.   Include all steps in the hypothesis test, including drawing a diagram. List the critical value NOT the p-value. b)  Compute a 95% confidence interval around the difference in time outdoors.

Imagine that you are examining two images, taken by transmis…

Imagine that you are examining two images, taken by transmission electron microscopy, that are unlabeled. You know that one picture is of gastric chief cells from the stomach, which secrete proteins that function as enzymes in digestion. The other picture is of adrenal cells, which release cortisol and other lipid signaling molecules that are involved in regulating the body’s response to stress. a) What structural feature would you look for to help you identify which image shows gastric chief cells? Explain briefly how that structure relates to the cells’ specialized function b) What structural feature would you look for to help you identify which image shows adrenal cells? Explain briefly how that structure relates to the cells’ specialized function c) If you wanted to perform a follow-up experiment that analyzed whether a specific type of digestive enzyme was present in gastric chief cells, what other type of microscopy would be best suited to answer that question? Explain briefly Make sure to label the parts of your answer a-c to facilitate grading.

Observe the table below from the Wood et al. comparative stu…

Observe the table below from the Wood et al. comparative study of organic and conventional agriculture in Australia. Choose “supported” or “not supported” next to each statement to indicate whether the statement is supported by the data in the table.    While on-site energy usage/dollar is higher on organic farms, total energy/dollar used is lower on organic farms. Organic farms disturb less land per kg food produced than conventional farms. For the environmental endpoints analyzed, per dollar, organic farms have lower impact. You can feed people with less environmental impact using organic agriculture.