Depletion of the ozone layer in Earth’s upper atmosphere I. is predicted to cause melting of polar icecaps, rise in sea levels, and increase in frequency and intensity of violent storms over the next century.II. is due to destruction of ozone by chlorine from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) pollutants that originate from refrigerants and aerosols. III. has resulted in a greater amount of the sun’s damaging ultraviolet radiation reaching Earth’s surface, rather than being blocked or reflected.

The figure below illustrates the age structure of humans in two different countries, labeled X and Y. Age classes are in 10-year intervals (e.g., 09 = 0-9 years, 1019 = 10-19 years, etc.). Both countries currently have approximately the same total population size. In comparing the populations of countries X and Y, a demographer would predict that the  

The assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium include all of the following EXCEPT

Many species of fish produce large numbers of eggs but the mortality rate is highest among the young, with relatively constant mortality thereafter as the fish age. Which of the following survivorship curves best represents this type of population?    

The allele for brown eyes (B) is found within a population at a frequency of 0.7; the allele for blue eyes (b) at a frequency of 0.3. If the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are satisfied, what will be the expected frequency of heterozygous (Bb) individuals?

Approximately what percentage of energy will be passed on to the next trophic level in a typical food chain?

The biogeochemical cycle that does not have an atmospheric component and therefore only cycles locally is the

Large bodies of water (e.g. oceans) affect the biosphere in a variety of ways. Which of the following affects is FALSE?  

Evidence for evolution includes all of the following EXCEPT

The “greenhouse effect”