Identify one strategy that animals can use to avoid being detected by predators (1 phrase).

In 2-3 sentences, explain the “antagonistic pleiotropy model” of aging.

Which question could be answered using a clock-shift experiment?

Sometimes, we observe that animals exhibit correlated behaviors, either along the same behavior axis but in different contexts, or across different behavioral axes.  In class, we discussed a study of salamander larvae that looked at patterns of individual activity during periods of high predator activity (day) and low predator activity (night).  What was the primary conclusion of that study (i.e. the major result)?  Does this result support the idea that behavioral correlations are adaptive or that they are evolutionary constraints?  (2 sentences)

In a species of beetle that has been tested for optimal foraging theory (OFT), it was found that female (but not male) beetles deviated from the prey choice model, preferentially ingesting a mix of higher calorie, high fat foods AND lower calorie, high protein foods. Based on what we learned in class about how constraints may impact foraging decisions, provide a potential explanation for why these female beetles may be deviating from the OFT prey choice model (1-2 sentences).

Identify TWO common behavioral axes investigated in studies of animal personality.  Provide a  brief definition of each behavioral axis. (2 terms + 2 phrases/sentences) 

In the two-prey choice model of optimal foraging, under what conditions is an animal expected to exhibit a specialist foraging strategy?  (1 sentence)

Describe a situation in which an animal might adopt a risk-prone foraging strategy. Be specific about the state of the animal and why this would lead to a risk-prone strategy. (2 sentences)

Group living can improve access to resources through multiple mechanisms. Choose two of the following mechanisms and explain how each operates to produce greater resource access benefits for those living in social groups. In each answer, identify if this is passive attraction via cues or active information transfer via signals. (2-3 sentences)Local enhancementGroup foragingPublic informationInformation center hypothesisCooperative hunting

What is the difference between senescence and longevity?  What is the typical relationship between these two variables (i.e. as senescence increases, what happens to longevity? (2-3 sentences)