The briefest historical period of Andean centralization was . This included the Tawantinsuyu Empire and was cut short by Spanish conquest.

One example of Mongol foreign rule of China during the Yuan Dynasty was the practice of . The Chinese found this practice to be oppressive.

Scholastics were groups of professors that developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of the questions. One of the most notable Scholastics was . This thinker said “by doubting we come to questions and by questioning we come to perceive the truth.”

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):Put the development of American civilizations in a global context.  Compare and contrast the formation of American civilizations with the formation of civilizations in Africa, Europe, or Asia.  What major differences can be found between these societies?  List the major similarities that exist in the development of American civilization and civilizations that developed elsewhere in the world.  Why are historians particularly interested in these similarities and what can they potentially tell us about all human societies?Who was chiefly responsible for founding and expanding the Mongol Empire?  Briefly describe this person’s life and how they were able to unite nomadic Mongol clans and be crowned the “Great Ruler of the Mongols.”  Explain how the Mongols were able to achieve such military success and how they were able to form one of the world’s largest empires in Eurasia.  How did Mongols rule in conquered lands and how did they divide the empire following the death of the Great Ruler?Trace the basic outline of Hell in Dante Alighieri’s Inferno. Describe Dante’s concept of contrapasso as it relates to his map of Hell in Inferno. Point to several circles of hell, their occupants, and their punishments; how do those punishments reflect contrapasso? In what ways is Dante’s Inferno a useful source for historians who want to explore the values of Medieval Europe? What medieval values seem to be prized based on your analysis of the book? What sins are among the worst in medieval society? Why?

(r. ca. 1230-1255) founded the Malian Empire and through military conquest he incorporated territories of the former Kingdom of Ghana into his state, including the important Saharan trading cities of Gao, Jenne, and Walata. He established his capital city at Niane and transformed the city into an important financial and trading center. Through his control of the Trans-Saharan Trade and very successful agricultural yields, he turned Mali into one of Africa’s greatest empires.

As part of the state-building initiatives in France, (r. 1515-1547) strengthened ties with the Catholic Church which in turn extended the monarchy’s power to appoint church officials in France.

Pico della Mirandola’s represented the Renaissance’s preoccupation with the qualities of man and the value of thought. Here, Mirandola used historical figures such as Plato and Aristotle, as well as logic, to argue in favor of philosophical debate.

The Xiongnu, Turks, and Mongols were three important nomadic groups that used clan ties and advanced horsemanship techniques to rule the area known as .

In the Persian Empire, were Persian or local nobles who served as administrators for the empire. They controlled local governments, collected taxes, heard legal cases, and maintained order. These administrators allowed the Persian empire to preserve the peace they had won on the battlefield as the empire expanded

Mongol invasions seriously threatened Muslim lands in the thirteenth century, ultimately leading to the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate when Chinggis Khan’s grandson, Hülegü, sacked Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid Caliph. In 1260, at , Egyptian Mamluk soldiers defeated the Mongols and spurned their advance into Egypt. Victory in this conflict potentially saved much of African and European Muslim lands from falling to the Mongols. The death of the Great Khan recalled Mongol armies to the capital of Karakorum and ended the threat of Mongol conquest of Muslim Egypt and beyond.