The cardinal principle of the Islamic faith is that there is no God but Allah and his Prophet is who?

The word “vernacular” means what?

Henry, Duke of Anjou, vastly increased his fortune in 1152 when he married which wealthy heiress?

The action of the medieval church that closed churches in a region or a country and that forbade the clergy from administering the sacraments to the populace was known as what?

The investiture controversy revolved around what?

How is the Book of the Courtier best described?

The Great Schism resulted in which of the following?

The church during the twelfth century possessed a hierarchical structure with the pope and which group at the apex?

What was the primary preoccupation of scholasticism?

The “Apostle of the Germans” and the most famous churchman in Europe in the eighth century was who?