Questions 7-10  refer to the passage below. “As soon as their preparations were complete, they encouraged a subservient ally to declare war against Serbia at forty-eight hours’ notice, knowing full well that a conflict involving the control of the Balkans could not be localized and almost certainly meant a general war.  In order to make doubly sure, they refused every attempt at conciliation and conference until it was too late, and the world war was inevitable for which they had plotted, and for which alone among the nations they were fully equipped and prepared. Germany’s responsibility, however, is not confined to having planned and started the war.  She is no less responsible for the savage and inhuman manner in which it was conducted.  Though Germany was herself a guarantor of Belgium, the ruler of Germany violated, after a solemn promise to respect it, the neutrality of this unoffending people.  Not content with this, they deliberately carried out a series of promiscuous shootings and burnings with the sole object of terrifying the inhabitants into submission by the very frightfulness of their action. They were the first to use poisonous gas, notwithstanding the appalling suffering it entailed.  They began the bombing and long distance shelling of towns for no military object, but solely for the purpose of reducing the morale of their opponents by striking at their women and children.  They commenced the submarine campaign with its piratical challenge to international law, and its destruction of great numbers of innocent passengers and sailors, in mid-ocean, far from succour, at the mercy of the winds and the waves, and the yet more ruthless submarine crews.” — Georges Clemenceau, Letter of Reply to the Objections of the German Peace Delegation regarding the Versailles settlement, May 1919   7.  The ideas expressed in the passage were most directly challenged by which of the following?

If the pressure of an ideal gas is doubled and the absolute temperature is also doubled, the volume of the object

Questions 35-36 refer to the passage below. “I came reluctantly to the conclusion that the British connection had made India more helpless than she ever was before, politically and economically. A disarmed India has no power of resistance against any aggressor if she wanted to engage, in an armed conflict with him. So much is this the case that some of our best men consider that India must take generations, before she can achieve Dominion Status. She has become so poor that she has little power of resisting famines. Before the British advent India spun and wove in her millions of cottages, just the supplement she needed for adding to her meagre agricultural resources. This cottage industry, so vital for India’s existence, has been ruined by incredibly heartless and inhuman processes as described by English witness. Little do town dwellers how the semi-starved masses of India are slowly sinking to lifelessness. Little do they know that their miserable comfort represents the brokerage they get for their work they do for the foreign exploiter, that the profits and the brokerage are sucked from the masses. Little do realize that the Government established by law in British India is carried on for this exploitation of the masses. No sophistry, no jugglery in figures, can explain away the evidence that the skeletons in many villages present to the naked eye. I have no doubt whatsoever that both England and the town dweller of India will have to answer, if there is a God above, for this crime against humanity, which is perhaps unequalled in history.” Mahatma Gandhi, statement after his guilty verdict for sedition, March 18, 1922   36.  Which of the following was a result of movements such as the one described in the passage?

In an air conditioning system, the refrigerant (usually Freon) ___________ inside the house (absorbing heat) and ______________ outside the house (emitting heat).

Questions 20 – 22 refer to the image below. Photo of a unit of the Mocidade Portuguesa Feminina (Portuguese Women’s Youth Organization) in front of a monument to Henry the Navigator, Lisbon, late 1930s.    20. The image most clearly represents which of the following trends of the interwar period?

When an object that is thrown straight upwards reaches its highest point,

Questions 30-32 refer to the 1932 German political poster below.     Translation: “Work and Food, Vote List 1”             32. Which of the following policies would the creators of the poster most likely support?

Questions 4-6 refer to the passage below. “The purpose of the geography curriculum was to come to know the narrower and broader Fatherland and to awaken one’s love of it. . . . From the many rivers and mountains one will not see all the Serbian lands, not even the heroic and unfortunate field of Kosovo ; from the many rivers and mountains children do not see that there are more Serbs living outside Serbia than in Serbia; they do not see that Serbia is surrounded on all sides by Serbian lands; from the many mountains and rivers we do not see that, were it not for the surrounding Serbs, Serbia would be a small island that foreign waves would quickly inundate and destroy; and, if there were no Serbia, the remainder of Serfdom would feel as though it did not have a heart.” Report to the Serbian Teachers’ Association, 1911-1912   5.  Sentiments similar to those expressed in the report most directly contributed to which of the following developments in the late twentieth century?

Questions 48-50 refer to the passage below.  “Unfortunately, Americans focus more on Soviet military hardware than on limited political prestige. That is responsible for your overestimation of Soviet power, as if power in history is the same asforce of arms! What myopia and short-sightedness. There is more power in rock music, videos, blue jeans, fast food, news networks and TV satellites than in the entire Red Army.” Régis Debray, leftist French philosopher, 1986 48.  Which of the following events of the 1980s or 1990s best supported Debray’s assessment of the relative importance of cultural capital versus military power?

Questions 1-3 refer to the passage below. “Citizens, the Provisional Executive Committee of the members of the Duma, with the aid and support of the garrison of the capital and its inhabitants, has triumphed over the dark forces of the Old Régime to such an extent as to enable it to organize a more stable executive power…. The Cabinet will be guided in its actions by the following principles: Freedom of speech and press; freedom to form labor unions and to strike… The abolition of all social, religious and national restrictions. Immediate preparation for the calling of a Constituent Assembly, elected by universal and secret vote, which shall determine the form of government and draw up the Constitution for the country… Elections to be carried out on the basis of universal, direct, equal and secret suffrage. The troops that have taken part in the revolutionary movement shall not be disarmed or removed from Petrograd.” –Provisional Government, March 16, 1917   2.  The “dark forces” referred to in the passage most likely refers to