If the patient above has an arterial PO2 of 90 mm Hg, what is the A–a gradient? 

As the hydrolysis of CO2 continues, HCO3 − ions begin to accumulate in the erythrocyte. To maintain a consistent concentration across the cell membrane, some of these anions diffuse outward into the plasma. Because the erythrocyte is not freely permeable by cations, electrolytic equilibrium must be maintained by way of an inward movement of anions. This migration is achieved by _______________ from the plasma into the erythrocyte?

Most of the carbon dioxide transported in the arterial blood is in the form of    

Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to ________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration.

Which of the following is not composed of cuboidal epithelium?

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?

A patient with poor renal perfusion is treated with an ACE inhibitor and goes into renal failure. Explain the reason for the renal failure.

The ________ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production, while the function of its ________ innervation is unknown.

Hypernatremia is a plasma ________ concentration above normal.

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called ________.