Tissue injury can lead to the formation of a blister.  The inflammation associated with blisters is called…

Environmental stresses trigger changes in gene expression that modulate a cell’s sensitivity to injury.  This has been clearly demonstrated by applying low level stress to cells prior to subsequent exposure to a higher level stress.  Under these circumstances, cells that receive the pretreatment are better able to moderate the impact of higher level stress than cells that received no pretreatment.  Provide at least one example of a mechanism that can explain this phenomenon.

Environmental stresses trigger changes in gene expression that modulate a cell’s sensitivity to injury.  This has been clearly demonstrated by applying low level stress to cells prior to subsequent exposure to a higher level stress.  Under these circumstances, cells that receive the pretreatment are better able to moderate the impact of higher level stress than cells that received no pretreatment.  Provide at least one example of a mechanism that can explain this phenomenon.

What are the two major functions of inflammation (think of desired outcomes)?

Various cells act as sentinels that can detect danger and then release chemical mediators of inflammation.  Which one of the following cells releases histamine after detecting danger?

Tissue injury can lead to the formation of a blister.  The inflammation associated with blisters is called…

Many mediators of inflammation can increase vascular permeability.  Some mediators work quickly (minutes), whereas others are slow (hours) to have this effect.  Which one of the following is the slowest to increase vascular permeability?

Inflammation can occur in a tissue that has suffered ischemic injury.  Where do the signals come from to trigger this type of inflammation?

The presence of what non-phagocytic cell is commonly associated with chronic inflammation and caseous necrosis?

Consider the mechanisms that are thought to drive senescence of cells.  Briefly, indicate two of these mechanisms and then explain why those mechanisms would cause a progressive decline in the life expectancy of cells.