During the application of a vapocoolant spray, the therapist should do all of the following EXCEPT:

A frail 75y/o female diagnosed with a right hip intertrochanteric fracture eight weeks status post open reduction and internal fixation with a metal plate and pinning.  The patient currently has pain with hip flexion and abduction.  Using a hot pack is an acceptable modality for this patient.

Heating an area of the body generally causes vasodilation locally, and to a lesser extent in areas distant from the site of application.  This distant response can result in a decrease in cerebral blood flow enough to cause a patient to faint during the application of thermotherapy.  The appropriate response from the PTA treating the patient would be to:

Freezing/Frostbite does not occur until skin temperature drops to between _______ or lower.

Which modality is most appropriate for the heat treatment of deeply situated structures?

The typical response to a superficial heat treatment includes:

In the following cases, which application of superficial thermotherapy is LEAST appropriate?

Tissue damage from cryotherapy agents occurs at temperatures below _______.  Therefore, when applying cold modalities in rehabilitation, temperatures should be kept above:

Hydrocollator packs may be prescribed for all of the following conditions, with one likely exception.

A therapist checks the water temperature of the hydrocollator after several patients report the heat being very strong.  Which of the following temperatures would be acceptable?