It is August. An afebrile 37 y/o man who lives in Brownsville, Texas experiences the acute onset of left-sided flank pain that radiates to the groin. He works as a roofer. His urinalysis reveals the following: 1+ protein (normal: negative), 3+ blood (normal: negative), few white blood cells and sheets of RBCs (normal: no cells), no bacteruria (normal: no bacteria), negative leukocyte esterase (normal: negative), negative nitrite (normal: negative) and no renal tubular cells (normal: no renal tubular cells). What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which one of the following drugs is a diuretic that also causes calcium retention?

A 45 year old African American woman has chronic kidney disease secondary to lupus nephritis. Her kidney function deteriorated slowly over the past 7 years and currently she has stage 5 chronic kidney disease. Today in the clinic her blood pressure was elevated (175/80 mmHg) and she was significantly volume overloaded with respiratory compromise. Which one of the following therapies is NOT appropriate in the management of her case?

A wheezing 65 year old female with a history of asthma presents with renal failure. The eosinophil count is markedly elevated. A renal biopsy shows necrotizing glomerulonephritis with cellular crescents and little to no staining for immunoglobulins and complement on immunofluorescence. What is the most likely diagnosis?

The presence of what type of cell in the urine is not specific for but most suggestive of an allergic or drug-reaction causing interstitial nephritis?

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have been used as diuretics. They have proven to be effective in treating glaucoma. From your knowledge of the nephron, what actions would such inhibitors have on the kidney?

A patient is admitted with severe hyperglycemia. You administer intravenous insulin to correct the serum glucose. Which one of the following changes is most likely to result from the insulin injection?

What is the cause of transient diabetes insipidus of pregnancy?

What is the major mechanism whereby lupus nephritis damages the kidney?

An elderly patient’s blood pressure is repeatedly 170 / 80 mmHg. Desirable BP is -80 mmHg. Of the choices provided, what is the most likely cause for the patient’s hypertension?