Delaney, a BCBA, provides consulting services for a college football team. The team has just started their season, and the players are breaking in their new shoes and equipment. Delaney implements a coaching intervention to improve catches. During games, Delaney records the number of correct catches by following the calls from the referee. However, there were three instances during a game when the referee was looking in a different direction and missed three correct catches. Which part of this scenario is an example of instrumentation threatening internal validity?

A physical therapist records how many times her client lifts a weight between 7:00 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. The physical therapist then divides the total number of lifts by 30 to find the number of times her client lifted a weight per minute. Which continuous recording method did the therapist use?

A BCBA is working with a client who engages in high rates of verbal aggression in the form of name-calling. The BCBA wants to compare a response cost procedure with a time-out procedure to determine which is more effective at decreasing his client’s name-calling behavior. This is an example of which type of analysis?

Frans, a BCBA, is working with his client, Megan, on reducing her verbal aggression. He implements a differential reinforcement for other behavior (DRO) procedure and measures its effectiveness in reducing Megan’s total count per week of verbal aggression. Frans delivers Megan’s preferred foods, such as peanuts and hard candy, each time Megan does not engage in verbal aggression for 30 minutes. During one of the weeks that Julie runs the DRO procedure, Megan visits the clinic and has a severe toothache. During another week, Megan’s grandmother, who always sneaks her pieces of candy when no one is looking, comes to visit from out of town and stays with her family at their house for a few days. Which of the following is the independent variable in this scenario?

For which of the following baseline graphs would it be most appropriate to introduce the independent variable for a behavior targeted for increase?

A supervisor needs to conduct his bi-weekly supervision session and provide feedback to his BCaBA. The supervisor records the time between each of the BCaBA’s naturalistic learning trials. Which continuous recording method did the supervisor use?

Raine, a BCBA, is running a study that teaches task engagement during circle time activities. She is using a concurrent multiple baseline design and starts the study with five participants. Raine systematically introduces a timer that goes off every 60 seconds. The timer is attached to each participant and is designed to prompt the child to do a self-check for task engagement during the intervention phase. Raine simultaneously collects data on eye contact and if the child’s body is facing the circle time leader. Halfway through Raine’s study, one of the participants moves to a different school and is unable to continue participating in the study. In this scenario, which of the following is most likely an example of attrition? 

When teaching his client new skills, Robbie, a BCBA, uses three mastered tasks between acquisition targets when teaching his client. After a couple trials, he then uses two mastered tasks between acquisition targets. Next, he only uses one mastered task between acquisition targets. Robbie is reducing the number of mastered tasks between acquisition targets to see if the rate of acquisition is the same or better with less mastered targets between acquisition tasks.  Which type of analysis is Robbie conducting?

Serge is interested in observing how often Camilla, one of his clients, raises her hand to participate during math class. Serge enters the classroom, takes out a pen and a piece of paper, and begins recording as soon as the math class starts. He marks each time Camilla raises her hand to participate. Serge ends his observation as soon as the math class ends. This is an example of a(n):

Raj is measuring how often his client can stay on task during a designated time. He breaks the designated time into 30-second intervals and reports the percentage of intervals for which his client stayed on task for the full 30 seconds. Which recording method did the Raj use?