What is the most important and most frequent risk factor for the development of urothelial carcinomas in men?

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about renal autoregulation mechanisms?

In a patient with edema and the following lab findings, what type of infection is the patient at highest risk of developing? 

You are seeing a patient with hypocalcemia. Which nutritional deficiency is most likely related to the development of this condition?

What will be the most likely consequence if the immune system aberrantly makes an autoantibody against an antigen on the podocyte membrane?

Which segment of the nephron is permeable to water regardless if ADH is present or absent?

You are told that a fetus lacks the development of normal kidneys resulting in oliguria in utero. Which one of the following problems may develop as a consequence?

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is elevated in which one of the following conditions?

What is the most serious histologic finding in this patient who is undergoing kidney biopsy for acute renal failure of unknown etiology? PAS stain is shown. 

A patient develops decreased renal function after surgery. There is prominent ischemic injury of the cells observed in this histologic section of kidney. What will be the most likely consequence in the patient?