C5b6789 is the membrane attack complex when complement is activated

C3 convertase cleaves C3 in blood plasma, leading to a conformational change in the C3b fragment that exposes its reactive thioester group. The activated C3b is potentially harmful to the host, if it becomes covalently attached to a host cell, rather than to the surface of a pathogen. This deleterious outcome is largely avoided by:

The alternative pathway of complement activation has an important role in innate immunity, due to its ability to greatly amplify the amount of C3b deposited onto the pathogen surface. This amplification occurs because:

The inflammatory response is characterized by four classic symptoms: heat, redness, pain, and swelling. In some instances, this response can be triggered by stimuli that are non-infectious such as asbestos. When exposure to the stimulating trigger is persistent, a state of chronic inflammation can result. This process is likely to be detrimental to the health of the host.

The first and most important barrier for keeping pathogens out of the human body is:

The difference between activating and inhibitory receptors  in NK cells lie in their association with accessory proteins that promote downstream signaling, or in their ability to recruit and activate inhibitory phosphatases, respectively.  

In patients with lymphomas, the cancer cells invade the bone marrow and destroy the environment required for normal hematopoiesis. This leads to bone marrow failure, which disrupts the production of hematopoietic cell lineages. All of the following cell types would be affected by this EXCEPT

Usually, insulin is needed to allow glucose to enter a cell. However, exercise can increase glucose uptake WITHOUT insulin being present. Why?

Jimmy is running a half-marathon at his goal marathon pace as part of training. His goal pace occurs at 80% of his VO2 max. What is the primary energy source?

______ _must activate fatty acids in the cytoplasm before the FA may enter the mitochondria for Beta Oxidation