The patient with CKD is receiving dialysis, and the nurse observes excoriations on the patient’s skin. What pathophysiology changes in CKD can contribute to this finding (Select all that apply).

A patient was admitted with an infection that had to be treated with an aminoglycoside antibiotic. After a few days, the patient developed oliguria and elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. The patient’s vital signs are stable. The nurse would anticipate the physician ordering which method of dialysis? 

A patient is admitted with sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI). The patient is started on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). The nurse knows the fluid that is removed each hour is charted as what on the CRRT flowsheet? 

To prevent the most common, serious, complication of peritoneal dialysis, what is important for the nurse to do? 

What is the most appropriate snack for the nurse to offer a patient with stage 4 CKD?

A patient is admitted with prerenal AKI. The physician orders continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). The nurse understands the clinical indication for the selection of this method of hemodialysis is which of the following? 

A dehydrated patient is in the injury stage of the RIFLE staging of AKI. What would the nurse first anticipate in the treatment of this patient? 

Brief Patient History: Mr. X is a 64-year-old male admitted to the unit with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and required an emergent left (L)- sided heart catheterization/percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Past history includes diabetes mellitus type 2, heart failure, hypertension, and osteoarthritis. Home medications include furosemide (Lasix), digoxin (Lanoxin), captopril (Capoten), carvedilol (Coreg), Byetta (exenatide), Glucophage (metformin), and Motrin (ibuprofen). Clinical Assessment: Twenty-four hours after admission to the unit, Mr. X is alert, oriented to person, place, and time; and pain free. His only complaint is shortness of breath and swelling in his ankles, feet, and hands. Physical assessment reveals bilateral breath sounds with basilar crackles; catheter on right femoral site, dressing is clean, dry, and intact; peripheral pulses 2+ bilaterally; and 2+ edema noted in lower extremities.  IV fluids have been discontinued and saline lock is in place. Preparation are being made to transfer Mr. X to the telemetry unit. Question: What are the potential risk factors that can alter this patient’s outcomes, specific to kidney function? (Select all answers that apply).

A patient with diarrhea has been diagnosed with Clostridium difficile.  Along with standard precautions, which kind of transmission-based precautions will be used when the nurse is caring for this patient? 

A patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) has been started on continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD). The nurse understands the patient should be closely monitored for what patient-related complications of the therapy?