Which of the following are logically possible?

Which of the following is physically possible?

What is the conclusion of the following argument? Getting the endorsement of the teachers’ union in this town is absolutely essential to being elected to the school board in this city. No one has ever won a seat on the school board without an endorsement from the teachers’ union

What is the explanation provided in the following? What is the greatest influence on the course of human history, its social and cultural development? Some say it’s powerful ideas like socialism, democracy, human dignity, and scientific method. Some say it’s the social movements that embody and promote these ideas. But the greatest influences are wrought by great leaders, who are not necessarily great thinkers. Throughout history, every time a great leader appeared—Moses, Alexander, Caesar, Napoleon, and the like—the world was irrevocably changed regardless of what ideas or social movements were in existence.

Which of the following is not a theory/explanation being proposed in the following?I get a lot of wrong-number calls at night for Shakey’s Pizza.  It might be that my number is similar to Shakey’s. Or maybe, some one person who really likes pizza has our numbers mixed up.  I guess it also could be that someone is trying to harass me by waking me up during the night. 

What is the conclusion in the following inference to the best explanation? Many free-swimming animals, mammals, birds, amphibians and fishes, are silvery white below in order to be invisible to enemies swimming in the depths.  Seen from below, the shining white belly blends in perfectly with the reflecting surface film of the water. 

What is the target group in the following ennumerative induction? Most newspaper reports of crimes in Chicago involve alleged perpetrators who belong to racial minorities. Therefore, most crimes in Chicago are committed by racial minorities.

What is the conclusion of the following argument? The newly elected president has had a surge in popularity.  Must be the so-called “honeymoon effect” in which a new president enjoys popularity until he or she is involved in serious or controversial decisions. 

Which of the following theories is the most plausible explanation for the following state of affairs, given the criteria of theory evaluation? Many people who take B vitamins for their headaches report a lower incidence of headaches.

What kind of argument is being employed when a scientist uses questionnaires to determine whether there is a statistically significant correlation between using a particular product (hair dye, e.g.) and some medical condition (e.g. cancer of some type)?