​While there is an expectation that researchers will conduct their studies ethically, there is no system of checks and verifications that ensures this is the case.

​Barbara is preparing a cup of coffee in her kitchen, when she hears her newborn daughter crying from the other room. The cry is marked by a sudden long burst of noise, followed by a long pause and gasping. Barbara’s daughter is making the ____ cry.

​Many parents play the “What do you want to be when you grow up?” game with their children. Perhaps they don’t realize that this question, in Erikson’s theory, helps preschoolers develop a sense of

​An extension of intentional behavior, wherein a child will start ‘experimenting’ with different actions and repeating them when they produce pleasant outcomes, usually appears at approximately

​Mental software refers to mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate.

The Apgar score is calculated by assessing 7 vital areas of functioning in a newborn on a scale of 1 to 3 points. A higher the score indicates a healthier baby.

​The major risks of a mother contracting the chicken pox during pregnancy include encephalitis, an enlarged spleen, and blood clotting problems in the baby.

​Genetically, identical twins and fraternal twins share the same amount of genes. The enhanced similarities seen in identical twins are a result of environmental factors.

​The continuity-discontinuity issue concerns whether there is just one path of development or several.

​Piaget’s theory is often criticized for having overestimated the cognitive skills of infants and young children and for underestimating the cognitive skills of adolescents.