To amend the Texas constitution, __________ of both houses and __________ of voters must approve.

The word politics simply refers to __________.

According to the textbook, recent special elections in Texas have had a turnout rate of __________.

Module 2 – Set 2 Select A or B A patient visits their doctor with symptoms of fatigue, weight gain, and feeling cold, despite maintaining a normal diet and lifestyle. Blood tests reveal low levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and high TSH levels. Explain how thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) regulate basal metabolism and energy production in the body. Why might TSH be elevated in this patient, and what does this indicate about thyroid function? After a meal high in carbohydrates, blood glucose levels rise. In a healthy individual, how do the beta cells and alpha cells of the pancreas work together to restore blood glucose homeostasis? Now, consider a situation where the person skips a meal—how does the pancreas respond to prevent dangerously low blood sugar? Explain the roles of both insulin and glucagon in these processes and what would happen if one or both hormones were not functioning properly.  college student is preparing for a difficult exam and experiencing chronic stress. Blood tests show elevated cortisol levels along with increased CRH and ACTH. Additionally, the student has symptoms of rapid heartbeat, sweating, and increased alertness, which are associated with epinephrine and norepinephrine release. Explain how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates cortisol release, including the roles of CRH and ACTH. How do glucocorticoids like cortisol help the body cope with chronic stress, and what are some long-term effects of prolonged cortisol elevation? Compare the short-term effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine (from the adrenal medulla) with the longer-term effects of cortisol (from the adrenal cortex). Why do both systems activate during stress?

BONUS: List as many syntax or logical errors you can find. Give the line number, label if syntax or logical error, rewrite the line. Example: Line 78, syntax error, cout name;        11. cout

Short answer questions  You will respond to two questions from each of Modules 1-5. For each module, you will be given two sets of two questions to choose from. In each set, select one question to answer from each set. Do not answer both. If you do, only the first one will be graded. In your response, please clearly indicate which question you are answering. For example: “This answer is in response to Option B about action potentials.” Make your responses are as complete as possible, addressing all parts to the question and providing explanation when requested. Pay attention for key words like “explain” and “why or why not?”. 

Module 2 – Set 1 Select A or B A patient suffers a traumatic brain injury that damages the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. As a result, multiple hormone imbalances occur. Explain how the hypothalamus normally communicates with the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. Predict which hormones would be affected if the hypothalamus could no longer regulate the anterior pituitary. How might this impact processes like metabolism, stress response, or reproduction? Would the posterior pituitary be affected in the same way as the anterior pituitary? Why or why not? A researcher finds a mutation in a G-protein receptor that prevents it from activating adenylyl cyclase. How would this mutation affect the cAMP signaling pathway? Predict how this might impact hormone actions.

Module 1 – Set 1 Select A or B  A hiker gets lost in the desert during the summer and is exposed to extreme heat for several hours, while another hiker is trapped in a snowstorm for the same amount of time. Compare how the body’s physiological responses would differ in these extreme conditions. During a fever, the body raises its internal temperature to fight off infection, creating a cycle that continues until the threat is eliminated. This is an example of positive feedback. In contrast, when you overheat on a hot day, your body cools itself by sweating, an example of negative feedback. Compare and contrast these two processes, explaining how positive and negative feedback contribute to maintaining or disrupting homeostasis. Use the examples provided in your answer.

Regarding the roles of the lymphatic system in maintaining homeostasis, which of the following statements are accurate? (choose all that apply)

Consider the statement S1 = “The cat sat on the mat” and the statement S2 = “The cat ran over the bat”, calculate the precision between the two statements for unigram, bigram and trigram