A patient presents with redness, warmth, and swelling in a localized area of infection. What is the primary mechanism leading to edema in this case?

Which of the following best describes the difference between a gene and an allele?

A 78-year-old man presents with worsening exertional dyspnea and occasional dizziness. He has a history of long-standing hypertension. Echocardiography shows concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with preserved ejection fraction. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

What occurs when foam cells die within an atherosclerotic plaque?

A 16-year-old girl presents to the clinic with concerns about delayed puberty and short stature. Physical examination reveals a webbed neck and widely spaced nipples. The physician suspects Turner’s Syndrome and orders a karyotype analysis. Which of the following karyotype results would confirm the diagnosis of Turner’s Syndrome? 

Which of the following best describes how lymphatic obstruction contributes to edema?

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is primarily due to:

In hypertension, what do natriuretic peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide, B type natriuretic peptide BNP and C type natriuretic peptide CNP promote?

A 40-year-old non-smoker presents with progressive dyspnea and hyperinflated lungs on imaging. A genetic test reveals an alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. Which of the following best explains this patient’s condition?

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of death for men and women of all ethnicities and socio-economic backgrounds. Which of the following factors is least likely to increase the risk of MI?