Symporters and antiporters (a.k.a. exchangers) are two diffe…

Symporters and antiporters (a.k.a. exchangers) are two different types of coupled membrane transporters. In mammalian cells, the movement of small molecules across the plasma membrane through these transporters is coupled to the concentration gradient of what ion? Clearly describe the direction of the co-transported solute carried out by a plasma membrane localized symporter and an antiporter.  

A driver accidentally bumped a fire hydrant creating a bendi…

A driver accidentally bumped a fire hydrant creating a bending moment of 790 N·m in the pipe below. The pipe has an inside diameter of 175 mm and a wall thickness of 12 mm and is pressurized to 350 kPa. Determine the largest normal stress along the length of the pipe.

A driver accidentally bumped a fire hydrant creating a bendi…

A driver accidentally bumped a fire hydrant creating a bending moment of 625 N·m in the pipe below. The pipe has an inside diameter of 155 mm and a wall thickness of 6 mm and is pressurized to 300 kPa. Determine the largest normal stress along the length of the pipe.