The branch of science that studies the structure and history of the Universe is ________.

Earth’s geothermal gradient is the rate of temperature change incurred by ________.

A biogeochemical cycle refers to the ________.

All else being equal, water will flow faster in a stream with ________ and a ________ wetted perimeter.

Large, thick-crusted, nonvolcanic mountain belts, like the Himalayas, are associated with ________.

Geologists call individual layers of sedimentary rocks ________, whereas several of them together are called ________.

Which of the following lists compositions in order of increasing silica content?

Hard water results from relatively high concentrations of dissolved ________.

Earthquakes occur most frequently near ________ margins.

Limestone is most likely formed in which of the following environments?