If you have a dihybrid cross of a pea plant for the following two traits: R = round, r = wrinkles (Round (R) is completely dominant over wrinkled (r)), and V = violet flowers, v = white flowers (Violet is completely dominant over white). What is the probability of getting a plant with Round peas and white flowers from the following cross:   RrVv  x   rrVv    

BONUS QUESTION:  Up to 4 EC pts. Many photosynthetic organisms carry out a process known as cyclic electron flow (also known as cyclic photophosphorylation). Given your knowledge about the Calvin cycle and about what happens in cyclic electron flow, explain: Be sure to answer both parts (a and b) and start your answer with an indication of which part you are answering.    (a) why it is beneficial for the plant to undergo this alternative route in electron transfer  (2 pts), (b) Why can’t the cell continuously use this cyclic mechanism of photosynthesis in order to always conserve water? In otherwords, why must all plants do linear photosynthesis sometimes?  (2 pts)

Consider a diploid cell with a total of 6 chromosomes as shown here, lined up at the metaphase plate.  What process is depicted here?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease caused by a recessive allele. If a woman and her husband who are both carriers (i.e., they have the recessive allele but do not have the disease) have children, what is the probability that their first child will have the disease?  

  If the codon (mRNA) sequence is AUG: a) what is the anticodon (on the tRNA) b) what would be the DNA template’s sequence for this codon: c) What would be the DNA coding strand sequence for this codon: d) What amino acid would this code for:

LIST the three different modifications that are made to eukaryotic mRNAs to as they proceed from a newly transcribed pre-mRNA to a mature mRNA and briefly describe (one bullet) the purpose of each (3 points).  

Independent assortment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate in meiosis I is largely responsible for what phenomenon?

A crossover in meiosis is an exchange of genetic material between

We discussed the work of numerous scientists this semester.  Match the appropriate scientist and the contribution they made to the field of cellular biology.  

What will happen to a cell if it is placed in a hypotonic environment?