Which is the correct order of a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of Ras?

v-Raf is a virus-acquired form of the serine/threonine kinase RAF (BRAF). Which of the following best describes the molecular nature of the mutation that causes v-RAF to be constitutively active.

are enzymes that covalently attach methyl groups to DNA at dinucleotide sequences.

The levels of pRB protein vary significantly throughout the cell cycle

Describe the predominant mechanism that maintains low levels of p53 in normal/healthy cells.

For each agent listed below, indicate whether it is best described as a tumor initiator or promoter.A. alcohol ….. B. smoke/tobacco tar ….. C. TPA …… D. hepatitis B virus ….. E. estrogen ….. F. DMBA …..

The hTERT gene must be up-regulated for human cells to escape crisis.

DNA damage may result in all of the following EXCEPT

Briefly indicate why deletion of the CDKN2A gene locus is so detrimental to cell cycle control.

Because normal stem cells are rare and divide infrequently, tumor-initiating driver mutations are thought to strike initially within this population of cells.