While performing a PPG venous examination on a patient witho…

While performing a PPG venous examination on a patient without a tourniquet you obtain an abnormal venous refill time.  In order to determine where the insufficiency is occurring you proceed to apply a tourniquet just above the knee and get a normal venous refill time.  Where is the patient’s insufficiency occurring? 

A patient presents with a swollen, right lower extremity.  D…

A patient presents with a swollen, right lower extremity.  Duplex imaging demonstrates patency of the femoral, popliteal, and calf veins.  However, Doppler at the common femoral level on the right is continuous, not changing with respiration, while Doppler of the left common femoral vein is phasic.  These findings might suggest: