In order to successfully metastasize, carcinoma cells must be able to:

A liquid biopsy is a localized sample of cancer tissue that is invasive and difficult to collect.

The FDA requires that all original name-brand and generic brands of a cancer drug be released for sale at the same time and maintain similar market prices.

In phase 3 clinical trials of new cancer therapies, neither the patient participant nor the treating physician know if the participant is in the test group and received the new therapy or is in the control group and received a placebo.

Cells that are not in the cell cycle (that is, in G0 phase) are less sensitive to radiation, and therefore more difficult to treat.

The predictive value of (confidence in) a diagnostic test is increased as the number of false results produced by the test is decreased.

All of the following are limitations to the success of systemic therapies, EXCEPT:

Most cancer drugs that are developed through phase 3 clinical trials become FDA approved.

The dominant prognostic factor (factor that correlates most strongly with outcome) for carcinomas at the time of diagnosis is the tumor grade.

Factors that increase the risk of cancer include all of the following EXCEPT: