An elderly woman is concerned about her risk of fractures due to osteoporosis.  How does age affect the risk of osteoporosis and fractures? 

What is the primary role of the loop of Henle in the nephron? 

A patient with diabetes insipidus has excessive urine output and dehydration. 

A neonate frequently spits up after feeding and shows signs of discomfort. What is the most likely condition? 

A patient with peptic ulcer disease is prescribed a medication that inhibits histamine receptors on parietal cells. Which of the following effects is expected? 

A patient with portal hypertension is being treated to reduce hepatic vascular resistance. Which of the following mechanisms is targeted by this treatment?

During a meal, which hormone is likely to be released to coordinate activity in the proximal segments of the GI tract? 

Blood flows from branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein at the periphery of the lobule through the sinusoids to the: 

An 80-year-old patient has a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).  What factors contribute to reduced eGFR in older adults? 

A patient with refractory hypertension is diagnosed with a pheochromocytoma. What is the underlying cause of hypertension in this condition?