Constant (and random) mutation diversifies alleles within the genome, thereby expanding the species gene pool. In the context of Darwinian evolution, which of the following alleles are NOT likely to expand within a species gene pool?

Briefly describe the two-hit hypothesis as it relates to cancer. Be sure to include in your description the type of cancer from which this hypothesis arose.

Briefly describe the common mechanism by which the viral proteins E7, large T antigen, and E1A can promote cell cycle entry?

Describe the mechanistic role of SOS in the EGF signaling cascade. Be sure to discuss its biochemical activity and the impact of that activity on interacting partners. (one does not need to describe the entire pathway).

In general terms, briefly indicate several ways in which Notch signaling is different from a receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. There is no need to describe each step in the pathway, focus on the main differences.

The resting, non-proliferative phase of the cell cycle is

Describe one mechanism (several possible) by which myc can promote cellular entry into S phase. Answers should include critical interacting factors, downstream products, and resulting activities. There is no need to describe an entire pathway in detail.

Which is the correct order of a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of Ras?

v-Raf is a virus-acquired form of the serine/threonine kinase RAF (BRAF). Which of the following best describes the molecular nature of the mutation that causes v-RAF to be constitutively active.

are enzymes that covalently attach methyl groups to DNA at dinucleotide sequences.