Pierre Louis and Alexander McClean both advocated clinical controlled trials to test the efficacy of treatments. Which of the following were the responses from their critics? Mark all that apply.

______________ performed an experiment on himself in 1939 in a Boston hospital. He eliminated vitamin C from his diet. After two months he became more and more fatigued. At six months, he began the bleed around his follicles and old scars opened up. On a treadmill test, he collapsed after only fifty feet. His colleagues put an end to the experiment and gave him vitamin C intravenously.

After the Pope banned priests and monks from bloodletting, who became the local bleeders in Europe?

What medical treatment began in ancient Greece as a way to treat disease by balancing the four humors?

What invasion was in part prevented because the British Navy had cured scurvy?

Although Lind’s clinical controlled trial lasted only a week, the two sailors treated with oranges and lemons made a remarkable recovery.

What famous American died after being bled four times by his overseer and doctors?

The Notothenioidei is a suborder of fish that includes the icefish family. This one suborder make up a third of all fish species and 90% of the biomass in the Southern Ocean. 

In vampire bats, it was changes in the __________ that caused salivary cells to express tPA genes that are usually only expressed in the cells lining blood vessels. 

James Lind’s clinical controlled trial had a control group.