(I) Reading Comprehension: Read the following articles and answer the questions. 

MC Questions 32 – 44 Image Description “A diagram of the urea cycle, a critical metabolic pathway in the liver responsible for converting ammonia to urea, which is then excreted from the body. The diagram includes several numbered labels corresponding to various molecules, enzymes, and steps in the urea cycle. Let’s go through the numbers and their associated components in the urea cycle: 32 is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle and also participates in transamination reactions.33 likely refers to a cofactor necessary for the reaction that converts molecule 34 to 32.34 is a molecule produced by glutamine with molecule 36.35 is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, involved in the transamination of amino acids.36 is an amino acid that is a major carrier of nitrogen in the blood.37 is a source of carbon dioxide used in the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate.38 is a key intermediate in the urea cycle formed from bicarbonate and ammonia.39 is a molecule derived from oxaloacetate that transfers from the matrix to the cytosol as molecule 41.Molecule 41 and citrulline give argininosuccinate, with molecule 40 as a cofactor.Argininosuccinate forms Arginine and molecule 42 as a byproduct, which reacts with water to form malate.Arginine, with molecule 43, gives ornithine and molecule 44 as a byproduct.”   UTP or UDP or PLP (vitamin B6) ATP/ADP or Biotin ATP/AMP or Phosphatase or Fumarate GTP/GDP or Kinase or Glutamate NAD+/NADH or Dehydrogenase or 

信濃に生まれた百姓の子で、母や祖母との死別や父の再婚など家庭環境に恵まれず苦労したことに影響を受け、その俳句には庶民的な哀感と弱気物への同情心が巧みに表れている。 これは、ある俳人についての記述である。以下の選択肢より上記の記述に最も当てはまる俳人を選びなさい。

ヨーロッパからの影響でないものは、次のうちどれですか。

何が「なんとも言えない美しさで描かれてい」るのですか。

上の話に登場する家康は、どういう人でしたか。

What is the advantage gained by the glutamatergic cell in shuttling lactate when it appears that a pyruvate shuttle would be more direct?  (1 pt.) What role does Ala play in the shuttle system? Again it appears that shuttling pyruvate would be more direct.  (1 pt.) Write out the reaction that takes 2-oxoglu, which is another name for a-ketoglutarate, directly to Glu (the reaction labeled GDH reaction). You may use names of the substrate and product.  Include any cofactors and give the enzyme name.  (2 pts.) Gln is the amino acid with the highest circulating concentration in the blood. What major role does it play in nitrogen metabolism?  (1 pt.) This article talks about ATP control of glycolysis. Give the name of one enzyme in the citric acid cycle that is controlled by ATP or ADP/AMP levels.  (1 pt.) “Increased nervous system activity requires increased energy metabolism in neurons. The conventional view is that neuronal energy metabolism is fuelled by glucose oxidation (Chih et al. 2001). The action potentials of neuron activity result in Na+ entry and K+ efflux which activates Na+-K+ -ATPase in the neuronal plasma membrane; this ATPase pump activity in turn leads to decreased ATP, increased ADP, increased Pi, and increased AMP, standard activators of glycolysis, the TCA cycle and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthesis will increase via these energetic pathways with a concomitant utilization of intracellular glucose that lowers glucose, leading to…” Acetyl CoA and Glu can react to form N-acetyl Glu, which is a potent activator of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase. Briefly explain why this compound is well suited to regulate the activity of this enzyme?  (2 pts.)

An adult patient with good resolution of apneas on IPAP of 10 cm/H20 and EPAP of 6 cm/H20 begins having hypopneas after rolling supine. According to RECOMMENDED guidelines, what bilevel pressures would be appropriate after observing 3 obstructive hypopneas?

Match the number of individuals used during the 21-gun salute with the corresponding role.

On the anniversary of a loved one’s death, a candle is burned for 24 hours. This law of mourning is called________________________________