A long, brightly-echogenic streak is noted in the common femoral vein, which is otherwise patent and compressible.  It moves with probe compression and appears to move with venous flow.  This is most likely:

A sonographer switches to a higher frequency transducer.  What effect will that have on aliasing?

While scanning a patient’s upper extremity veins you obtain a phasic spectral Doppler waveform within the right subclavian vein and a pulsatile spectral Doppler waveform within the left subclavian vein.  What does this suggest?

A study that is positive for reflux with demonstrate flow reversal time of 

In one type of Doppler, mean velocity and direction of flow are displayed as a color.  What type of Doppler technique is this?

While performing a PPG venous examination on a patient without a tourniquet you obtain an abnormal venous refill time.  In order to determine where the insufficiency is occurring you proceed to apply a tourniquet just above the knee and get a normal venous refill time.  Where is the patient’s insufficiency occurring? 

A patient presents with a swollen, right lower extremity.  Duplex imaging demonstrates patency of the femoral, popliteal, and calf veins.  However, Doppler at the common femoral level on the right is continuous, not changing with respiration, while Doppler of the left common femoral vein is phasic.  These findings might suggest:

Two weeks after a fracture of the femur, a 33 year old female is seen for swelling of the calf of the same leg.  The preliminary diagnosis, prior to performance of any noninvasive testing, should include:

Venous refilling time by photoplethysmography was 10 seconds without a tourniquet applied and 25 seconds with a tourniquet applied to the lower thigh.  The diagnosis is:

Distal to a non-hemodynamically significant stenosis,