Glycosides (Canvas Q13~14, Handwritten Pages Q13~14) Background: Glycosides are a class of compounds that contain sugar molecules with slight modifications, and are primarily produced by plants. These compounds have a wide range of functions, varying from acting as defense against pathogens to attracting pollinators. Many glycosides are medically valuable as antibiotics, such as azithromycin. Question: You are a natural products chemist that has discovered a new compound that may have antibiotic and antiviral properties. Curious about this compound’s properties, you decide to perform some experiments and determine its molecular formula. Tests show that the compound is made of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. After performing a combustion analysis on 7.52 g of this substance, you find that 15.93 g of CO2 and 2.44 g of H2O are released.

Glycosides (Canvas Q13~14, Handwritten Pages Q13~14) Background: Glycosides are a class of compounds that contain sugar molecules with slight modifications, and are primarily produced by plants. These compounds have a wide range of functions, varying from acting as defense against pathogens to attracting pollinators. Many glycosides are medically valuable as antibiotics, such as azithromycin. Question: You are a natural products chemist that has discovered a new compound that may have antibiotic and antiviral properties. Curious about this compound’s properties, you decide to perform some experiments and determine its molecular formula. Tests show that the compound is made of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. After performing a combustion analysis on 5.94 g of this substance, you find that 12.58 g of CO2 and 1.93 g of H2O are released. 

Reaction Predictions (Handwritten Pages Q20) Solutions of sodium hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid are combined in a flask. (6 points) Write a balanced total ionic equation for this reaction. ( Q20 )

Consider a hypothetical locus with several segregating alleles. The population size is small, mutation is absent, and none of the alleles has a selective advantage. Which of the following is likely to occur after a long period of time (many generations)?

Are you more likely to observe polymorphism at selectively neutral loci or selectively constrained loci? Why?  

What is most likely to account for a difference between the census population size (total number of individuals) and the effective population size (Ne)?

Natural selection and genetic drift are the two most important causes of evolutionary change. How do they differ?

Increased gene flow will increase genetic variation populations and decrease genetic variation populations

What is the difference between sex ratio and operational sex ratio? What would you expect the operational sex ratio to be in a species that exhibits sex role reversal? 

Are you more likely to observe polymorphism at selectively neutral loci or selectively constrained loci? Why?