The nonoxidative glycolysis (NOG) pathway can achieve stoichiometric carbon recovery for sugar-derived biosynthesis. Analyze the pathway figure below and answer the following questions: 1. In order to test whether this pathway can completely convert 1 F6P to 3 AcP, you were asked to try it in a test tube first. Please list the names of the enzymes in the labeled steps 2-4 that you need to purify to make this NOG pathway work.  (10 pts) 2. Which enzymatic steps are providing the thermodynamic driving force to make this NOG work? (5 pts) 3. You purified phosphoketolases (PK) (step 1) from three different organisms and tried them individually in the NOG reactions. After adding F6P and DHAP to the enzyme mixtures to start the reactions, you found all three PKs could drive the production of AcP. However, when you tested the PK activities, you found these PKs have different specificities toward F6P and X5P. Only one of the three has activities toward both F6P and X5P (F/XpK). The other two have only activities for either F6P (FpK) or X5P (XpK). Explain how were the other two PKs able to complete the NOG reactions? If there are any additional reactions that are not present in the figure to enable the NOG, please include these reactions in your answer. (20 pts)

The pentose phosphate pathway contains an oxidative portion and a non-oxidative portion.  1. When glucose is oxidized using the oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP) pathway, what are the two main products formed from this pathway? (5 pts) 2. What is the main role of the OPP pathway in cells? (5 pts) 3. Comparing with the EMP pathway, which enzymes are shared between the non-oxidative PP pathway and the EMP pathway? (10 pts)

1. If Mary and Bob purchase a home and take out a loan for $450,000 for a term of 30 years at a 6.25% interest rate, what will be their monthly mortgage payment?

23.  (I) If a corporation’s financial condition deteriorates, the demand for its bonds will rise because of the higher interest rates the firm must pay. (II) The spread between the interest rates on bonds with default risk and default-free bonds is called the risk premium.   

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2. Define Asymmetric Information.  List and describe the two types of Asymmetric Information and define each.  Also give an example of each.

Why did dentists stop using silicate cement as an esthetic restorative material for anterior teeth?

An endodontist treats pathologies of the dental pulp and surrounding tissues.

What dental team member is responsible for cleaning, providing dental prophylaxis, removing deposits from the teeth, and patient education?

What dental advancement was introduced by John Borden in 1957?