A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety, leading to respiratory alkalosis. What is the primary renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis? 

A patient with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is experiencing increased intestinal permeability. Which component of the GI tract’s regulation is likely compromised?

How do hormones regulate kidney function to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance? 

A patient is experiencing issues with reabsorption in the nephron tubules. What is the primary mechanism for reabsorption of filtered substances in the nephron tubules? 

A patient with a history of smoking and frequent NSAID use presents with epigastric pain. Which condition is this patient at risk for developing? 

A neonate frequently spits up after feeding and shows signs of discomfort. What is the most likely condition? 

What is the primary role of the loop of Henle in the nephron? 

A patient with diabetes insipidus has excessive urine output and dehydration. 

A pregnant woman with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is concerned about her risk during pregnancy.  How does pregnancy affect her risk of thromboembolic events? 

A patient with CKD progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).  What are the primary treatment options for ESRD?