How did merchants and manufacturers respond to the economic tribulations of the fourteenth century?

How is the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 as emperor of the Romans best described?

According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented which of the following?

The papacy reached its zenith of power in the thirteenth century during whose papacy?

Which of the following was NOT part of the Columbian exchange?

How did the French government and aristocracy respond to the Jacquerie?

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided which territories between which states?

In the 1440s, among the first profits the Portuguese derived from their maritime exploration and returning ships came from which commodity?

The eighth-century controversy that set the Latin and Greek Orthodox Christians apart was over which of the following?

All of the following occurred during the reigns of the five “good emperors” EXCEPT for what?