If a patient is hypersensitive following a trans-metatarsal amputation, which of the following modalities would be the most beneficial to this patient to decrease hypersensitivity?

Which therapeutic modality would be contraindicated on a 15 y/o patient with patella-femoral pain?

Commercial cold packs remain semi-solid when kept at _____ so the pack conforms to body contours.

During the application of a vapocoolant spray, the therapist should do all of the following EXCEPT:

A frail 75y/o female diagnosed with a right hip intertrochanteric fracture eight weeks status post open reduction and internal fixation with a metal plate and pinning.  The patient currently has pain with hip flexion and abduction.  Using a hot pack is an acceptable modality for this patient.

Heating an area of the body generally causes vasodilation locally, and to a lesser extent in areas distant from the site of application.  This distant response can result in a decrease in cerebral blood flow enough to cause a patient to faint during the application of thermotherapy.  The appropriate response from the PTA treating the patient would be to:

Freezing/Frostbite does not occur until skin temperature drops to between _______ or lower.

Which modality is most appropriate for the heat treatment of deeply situated structures?

The typical response to a superficial heat treatment includes:

In the following cases, which application of superficial thermotherapy is LEAST appropriate?