Penny loves to eat garlicky foods, but her brother often makes fun of her breath afterward. When Penny’s brother has a bad cold and cannot smell anything, he does not mock her. Now, whenever Penny’s brother has a bad cold, she eats a lot of garlicky food. The sight of her brother with a bad cold is an example of an: 

Tami opens the refrigerator door and grabs ginger root, broccoli, carrots, celery, and an apple. She washes each item and presses the “on” button on the juicing machine. Next, she places each item into the juicing machine one at a time and turns off the juicing machine after each item has turned to juice. Finally, she pours the juice into a large glass and drinks it. This is an example of a:

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Shelly is excited about seeing her best friend, whom she has not seen in over a year. This is an example of an:

Pat says, “Flower” when she sees a tulip. She also says, “Flower” when she sees a sunflower, rose, or lily. This is an example of:

A store worker has a rude customer who often complains to them whenever they see them working out on the store floor. Every time the worker sees them enter the store, they stop working on the store floor. The sight of the customer is an example of an: 

Patrick got a lot of Halloween candy that he can eat at any time at home. When Patrick’s teacher tells him he can earn candy for completing math problems, he avoids answering them. What is the value-altering effect of noncontingent access to candy?

Noah is learning single-word utterances to communicate. He only says words to his parents, who have given him his favorite toys when he asked in the past. Noah’s uncle is visiting the family and he does not speak the same language as Noah. The uncle rarely gives Noah his favorite toys as he does not understand Noha’s requests. Noah’s uncle is an example of a(n): 

Which of the following demonstrates an evocative effect on behavior?

Corey was pulled over and received a ticket for speeding past a state trooper’s patrol car parked in the highway’s median. Now, when Corey sees a patrol car parked in the median, he stops speeding. The patrol car in the median is an example of an: