Some animals are resistant to the effects of bufadienolide poisoning.  What physiological adaptation has allowed them to do this?  (2 pts)

What is the mechanism of action of tetrodotoxin? (2 pts)

Explain the difference between obligatory and anautogenous hematophagous organisms. (2 pts)

Which of the following would extend the life of a pharmaceutical patent the most?

Two part question: A.   Given the partial figure below and the toxin’s name, what could you say about the conotoxin κ-TeVC?  Please be as complete as possible. (2 pts)   B.    If the name of the first toxin above had been te5c, what would that indicate?  (2 pts)

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is part of an evolutionary arms race between two species. What are they?

What is the mechanism of action of tetrodotoxin? (2 pts)

Please list three of the conditions needed to be met for an oral drug to fit Lipinski’s rule of five.  (3 pts)

On average, how long does it take for a drug to complete phase I trials, regardless of whether it is successful or not?

Which of the following drugs was developed from vampire bat saliva but was a failure that cost about $50 million?