True or False? Creatine phosphate is the primary energy source used to sustain long-distance performance of skeletal muscles.

True or False: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, AKA Lou Gehrig’s disease or motor neuron disease, is similar to Parkinson’s disease in that they both are a result of the autoimmune loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra, thereby affecting the basal nuclei. 

As one part of the pupillary reflex, the ________ branch of the autonomic nervous system dilates the pupils in response to ____ light (called mydriasis) and because this is a consensual reflex, the response is ______.

True or False? A patient has elevated troponin levels in their blood report (doesn’t specify the isoform), thus they must have damaged striated muscle, for example, had a heart attack or experienced skeletal muscle breakdown from trauma or overtraining.

Electro-neurophysiology question part 2 of 4: Interestingly, it is indeed still possible to produce an action potential in neurons of a patient taking potassium channel blocker medications.. In this case, the peak voltage at which the sodium channels become inactivated would be

The first structure of the eye light goes through is the:

A cell’s resting membrane potential is due to:

EXTRA CREDIT Q3. (7 possible points) In order to make sure, no matter how you studied or what you studied the most, there will be at least some questions on most topics for you, I try to incorporate a wide variety of questions using different question types for different learning styles. Having said that, it is impossible to test you on everything you are required to learn in a given unit using every different question type. Undoubtedly you studied something using some approach which I could not find a way to fit into this test and/or there was a question with two options where you knew both equally well but were forced to just pick one. With that, here is your chance to employ ownership over your own learning. You have options here: OPTION A. Take something which was not asked about in any way on this exam (including both in this paper portion and the online portion) and frame it in the form of your own test questions AND provide the answer(s) but BE SPECIFIC for full credit (there are 7 points possible here, so it needs to be either 1-2 relatively elaborate questions/answers or 3-4 short answer questions/answers). OR OPTION B. If there were essay questions on this exam with two options where you had to just pick one (either regular or extra credit), but you felt you knew both well, take 2 that you didn’t answer and provide your answers here (you must provide the question number so I know what you’re answering). OR OPTION C. Provide some combination of the above two, but you MUST make it easy for me to know what each is, i.e., which are your own questions versus exam questions.

True or False? Due to life circumstances and thus bad luck, a peer of yours unfortunately found themselves procrastinating during this unit to the point where they had to cram last night and pull an all-nighter in order to last-minute prepare for this exam. You tell them that one reason this can be detrimental to their health and even lead to them not remembering what they had previously learned is: Metabolic waste and toxin clearance via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lymphatic circulation and drainage increases during sleep.

In between meals, blood glucose is (relatively) low and thus less glucose enters pancreatic beta cells through GLUT transporter. This leads to (less OR more) ATP which causes ATP-gated K+ channels to remain (open OR closed) which ultimately results in (no secretion OR secretion) of insulin.