What would most likely cause turbulent blood flow in the ascending aorta?

A 22-year-old male presents with syncope. The septum measures 1.5 cm and the posterior wall is 1.2 cm. When mapping through the outflow tract with pulsed-wave, it shows a velocity of 3.0 m/sec. What pressure does this finding correlate to?

What does the Doppler formula 4 x (V2²-V1²) help us evaluate?    

A 69-year-old patient presents with dyspnea. Her height is 174 cm, her weight is 82.0 kg and her blood pressure is 100/60. The left atrial volume index of the patient is 40 mL/m². What would this finding suggest?

Referencing the image below of pulsed wave Doppler of the hepatic vein, what is the blue arrow pointing to?

What is the outer shell of perfluorocarbon contrast agent comprised of?

What is a normal dP/dt?

An IVC is dilated at 2.2 cm and is collapsing less than 50% with sniff test. There is a tricuspid regurgitation jet of 2.2 m/sec and pulmonary artery diastolic pressure of 10mmHg. What would the right atrial pressure be?

What is a normal mitral annulus diameter?

When measuring the left atrial volume, you must take measurements in which of the following views?