When a column is under compression, the column shortens and expands laterally.

Determine the required splice length for the longitudinal bars in the following tied column. Assume that all of the longitudinal bars are in compression and that you will use a contact lap splice. Do not incorporate a reduction in length due to ACI 318-14 Section 10.7.5.2.1.Column width, b = 24 in.Column thickness, h = 22 in.Clear cover to ties = 1.5 in.Number of longitudinal bars = 10Size of longitudinal bars = No. 9Size of ties = No. 4Concrete strength = 3,000 psiYield strength of longitudinal bars = 60,000 psiYield strength of ties = 40,000 psi

Spiral columns have lower ductility giving more warning before a failure.

Spiral columns are often used in situations where ductility is unimportant.

A rectangular beam has a cross section of b = 14 in., h = 28 in., and d = 25.5 in. It is reinforced with five No. 6 Grade 60 bars. The concrete strength is 9,400 psi (normal weight). The beam has Grade 60 No. 3 stirrups. Determine the cracked moment of inertia, Icr. The neutral axis location of the cracked beam (measured from the top of the beam) is 5.7126 in.

Which of the following can cause eccentricities in a concrete beam? (select all that apply)

Generally, columns are built with different reinforcement in the two faces perpendicular to the axis of bending.

Designers should compute the interaction diagram for the least favorable bar orientation in a circular column because they have little to no control over how the bars are actually installed.

Compute the axial compressive strength Pn and moment capacity Mn of the following tied column when the largest strain in the concrete is 0.003 and the strain in the tension reinforcement is 0.003. Note that you should not include φ in the answer and that you should not consider Pn,max.b = 16 in.h = 22 in.Clear cover to ties = 1.5 in.Number of longitudinal bars = 6Size of longitudinal bars = No. 9Size of ties = No. 3Concrete strength = 3,000 psiYield strength of longitudinal bars = 60,000 psiYield strength of ties = 60,000 psi

A load that has been misaligned on a concrete column is called a/an _______ load.