Blood flows from branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein at the periphery of the lobule through the sinusoids to the: 

An 80-year-old patient has a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).  What factors contribute to reduced eGFR in older adults? 

A patient with refractory hypertension is diagnosed with a pheochromocytoma. What is the underlying cause of hypertension in this condition?

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can be: 

A clinician is assessing kidney function in an elderly patient using serum creatinine levels.  What challenge is associated with estimating GFR in older adults? 

A premature infant is born at 30 weeks gestational age.  How does prematurity affect nephron development and future kidney health? 

Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland? 

What impact would impaired proximal tubule function have on kidney processing? 

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety, leading to respiratory alkalosis. What is the primary renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis? 

A patient with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is experiencing increased intestinal permeability. Which component of the GI tract’s regulation is likely compromised?