Greenhouse gases are atmospheric gases that affect the Earth’s temperature by absorbing infrared radiation. Combustion of fossil fuels increases greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions are one of the primary drivers of the warming trend we have identified in Earth’s climate. From the list of gases below, select the gases that are considered greenhouse gases.

The harvesting of trees for wood and paper resources is a necessary part of our current lifestyle. However, deforestation has become a significant problem, especially when we consider the vast tracks of land cleared in the Amazon as part of slash-and-burn agriculture. These satellite images highlight areas that have undergone deforestation near Ariquemes, Brazil. Which of the following environmental conditions are the result of deforestation?

Whereas spectral classes describe a star’s surface temperature, the absolute magnitude of a star describes the star’s true brightness, or luminosity. The image below shows the same 60-watt lightbulb at various distances from the viewer. Which of the following statements accurately describes the magnitude of the lightbulbs as shown?

It is pretty clear that the Earth is warming and will likely do so for the foreseeable future. But why should we care? What does a warming actually mean for humanity?

Using the tools mentioned in the previous question and through direct sampling, climatologists have directly measured atmospheric CO2 over the past 60 years. Notice the annual oscillations of carbon dioxide. What causes this repetitive change?

Now we will be looking at the tools scientists employ to determine what environments of the past (paleoenvironments) were like. We will then use real-world data to identify the trends and discuss how models can be used to predict future trends.  Climate scientists have several tools to determine what paleoclimates were like throughout history. Each method excels at a particular range of time. Match the method with the appropriate maximum age that the method is effective for.

The Earth is constantly experiencing change. Some of the changes are cyclic, meaning that there is evidence of the change occurring multiple times in the Earth’s history. Other changes are unidirectional, meaning that the change does not repeat. Sort the changes shown below based on whether they are cyclic or unidirectional.  

Dear participantAfter completing Lesson 10, you are requested to complete the Exist Assessment (to compare your Welcome Test and Exit Test marks) and Course Evaluation Form (for course improvement) which will be available automatically in the content area.

The Fifth Amendment requires that defendants receive notice of any charges brought against them.

​McCormick on Evidence states that _____ “is the slipperiest member of the family of legal terms” because it is used in so many different ways.