a) Describe and explain in detail, step by step, the pressure-flow hypothesis of translocation in the phloem.  Each step should be explained in a separate paragraph.  For each step, be sure to describe/explain relevant information about processes, water potential status, what does and does not require energy and why, etc.  b) What factors determine to which “sink” the phloem solution will flow?

The membrane surrounding that large water-filled storage space is called what?

Some water may also enter the root by bulk flow, if it enters through the  ?_

What property of water makes this possible?

What is a DIFFERENT function of a plant’s roots? _______

α-helices and β-pleated sheets occur at what protein structure level?

Some water may also enter the root by bulk flow, if it enters through the  ?_ _______

Start a new paragraph or line for each answer, and be sure that each part of your answer is clearly labeled as part “a” or “b” or “c” (etc.).   a) What category of mineral nutrients do soils store best? b) Why? c) Give two specific examples of mineral nutrients that are easily leached from soil. d) What is one way that these types of easily leached nutrients avoid being entirely leached from the soil? e) Acid rain will _____________ the fertility of poorly buffered soil.  f) Explain why.   Acidity can have other effects on soil fertility and plant growth, depending on whether the acidity is slight or extreme.  Give an example of: g) A beneficial effect of slight acidity: h) A harmful effect of extreme acidity:   i) Certain elements are essential for plant life because they are needed for one or more general physiological functions.  Essential mineral nutrients have been classified (placed into groups) according to their various biochemical functions in plants. List five (5) of these possible categories of biochemical/ physiological functions, and give one or more examples of a specific essential nutrient for each one. 

All eukaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton consisting of fibrous proteins.  What are the  hollow tubes made of columns of tubulin subunits called?  (An example of what these are involved with is forming the spindle during mitosis)  

What is the name for the explanation that describes how water moves up through a plant stem (xylem) against the pull of gravity?