(04.05 MC) The fur coat of California sea lions can be different shades of brown due to genetic variation. Suppose that the frequency of each fur color changed in a population as shown on the graph below. How will the population change from 2010 to 2020 if light brown sea lions are more reproductively successful than dark brown sea lions in the next decade? (3 points)

(04.05 MC) A group of scientists wants to test the effects of increased water temperatures on a population of halibut. What result from this experiment would show natural selection in progress? (3 points)

(04.01 MC) Among a migrating species of fish, one individual migrates further than any other in its population. As a result, the fish develops stronger swimming muscles than any other individual in its population, allowing it to catch more prey. Will the fish’s offspring be favored by natural selection? Why or why not? (3 points)

(04.03 LC) Which of the definitions below best defines a pathogen? (3 points)

(04.05 LC) What is natural selection? (3 points)

(06.01 HC) Nonnative species can cause serious problems with marine ecosystem biodiversity. The graph shows a summary of the different methods by which invasive species reach new locations based on United States Geological Survey data as of 2016. Based on this information, what recommendation could be made to reduce introductions? (3 points) © 2016 US Geological Survey, USGS.gov

(04.03 HC) A scientist notes that some individual fish survive better in low-oxygen environments than others of the same species. She decides to compare the genes that code for hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen in the blood. The table below shows the DNA sequences for hemoglobin isolated from individual fish of this species. It also shows each individual’s phenotype. How did these differences in DNA sequence arise, and should the scientist characterize the phenotypes as helpful, harmful, or neutral? (3 points) DNA sequence for hemoglobin Phenotype of fish Ancestral: ACG TCG CGC TTA 20% survival during low-oxygen HAB Individual 1: ACG TCG CGC ATA 20% survival during low-oxygen HAB Individual 2: ACG TGG CGC TTA 35% survival during low-oxygen HAB Individual 3: AGG TCG CGC TTA Fish are not viable (die before birth)

(05.04 LC) There are many areas of science that experience debate. How can a scientist most effectively defend their position if they discuss a controversial topic? (3 points)

(04.03 MC) What kind of seafood would you expect to have the highest levels of mercury and why? (3 points)

(04.01 MC) In sea horses, the female inseminates the male by inserting her oviduct into the male brooding pouch several times to ensure fertilization. After fertilization is complete, the female departs and the male attaches himself to a nearby object, and waits for the eggs to mature. How would this reproductive strategy ensure survival of the species? (3 points)