Mr. Jones, a 45 year-old man, is concerned that he has HIV because he had unprotected receptive anal sex with a man. Which HIV test would you obtain first?

A 56-year-old male patient with history of uncontrolled Hypertension presents to the Emergency Department complaining of coughing, difficulty breathing, and physical exam reveals crackles throughout all lung fields. Vital signs showed: Temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 115/min, blood pressure is 120/72 mmHg, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 93% on room air.  The patient is diagnosed with left-sided heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (EF). How does the diagnosis of heart failure cause shortness of breath?

A 50-year-old male construction worker presents with shortness of breath, anxiety, and palpitations that have been present for 3 hours. He denies chest pain. His blood pressure is 141/78 mmHg, pulse is 140/min, and respirations are 18/min. An EKG demonstrates tachycardia, no discernible p waves and irregularly irregular distribution of the QRS complexes. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A mother from rural Louisiana brings her 3-year-old son to a pediatrician. Her son is intellectually disabled with developmental delays, and she hopes that genetic testing will help determine the cause of her son’s condition. She had previously been opposed to allowing physicians to treat her son, but his impulsive behavior and learning disabilities are making it difficult to manage his care on her own. On exam, the child has a long, thin face with a large jaw, protruding ears, and macroorchidism. The healthcare provider also notices that the child is very hyperactive and anxious during the physical exam. Which of the following is most likely genetic condition in this individual? 

A 78-year-old patient has been newly diagnosed with Atrial Fibrillation and expresses reluctance to begin anticoagulant therapy as recommended by the cardiology APRN. The healthcare provider explains that atrial fibrillation significantly increases the risk of blood clot formation, which can lead to a stroke. The provider further clarifies that the elevated stroke risk in atrial fibrillation is primarily due to which underlying mechanism?

A woman recently returned from a hiking trip and is concerned that she may have Lyme disease. She presents to the clinic with symptoms suggestive of early infection. Which of the following antibody test results would indicate an acute Lyme disease infection?

Notes from a/an ____________________ are used to create melodies and harmonies.

Point after which pressure begins to rise in the aorta.

In the password hardening scheme discussed in class, assume a user chooses a new password which has more characters than the previously used password. This will have the following impact on the instruction table size that is used by the implementation of this scheme.

Assume a certain system enforces that passwords are randomly chosen from the space of all possible passwords. Passwords are formed with lower and upper case English letters and digits (0-9).  Also, assume that currently users are required to choose an 10 character password. If we want to double the entropy of the passwords with the same set of characters, this system must increase the required password length  to