During the period of Apartheid, white South African President opened a dialogue with the African National Congress, then legalized the body and freed the popular political prisoner Nelson Mandela. In turn, Mandela ended the ANC’s armed struggle and with this president negotiated an agreement in 1991 ending Apartheid and providing for universal suffrage. Mandela then formed a government of national unity and selected this former president as his vice-presidential running mate, winning the office in 1994.

A French political cartoon we have reviewed in this class satirized the Berlin Conference of 1884 (a conference of European imperial powers who met up to partition Africa amongst themselves). In the cartoon, the Chancellor of Germany, , holds a large knife and has cut up a cake with the word “Afrique” (French for Africa) on it. Astonished Europeans stare at him as they wait to receive their piece of the cake (Africa). This cake-cutting German Chancellor was one of the most ardent proponents of European Neo-Imperialism in Africa and was the de facto host of the Berlin Conference.

originated as a regional conflict, but quickly turned into a proxy war during the Cold War. It lasted from 1950-1953 and ended in a stalemate with little more than symbolic gains for either side. The northern belligerents initially gained the upper hand until an American and United Nations force landed at Inchon, and drove the troops back toward the Chinese border. At that point, Communist China invaded and pushed the American-led troops back to 38th parallel, where a fragile truce was signed.

was a political ideology that emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. Adherents of this political ideology fought to maintain the status quo that favored traditional elites. They viewed the French Revolution as a terrible mistake that ushered in chaos, war, and instability. Supporters believed that change must occur within existing traditions and institutions. Key supporters include Klemens von Metternich and Edmund Burke.

The incredible economic success of post-war Japan came at a cost as business and “the company” often became the most important part of life for Japanese men. Cultural expectations are for a total devotion to one’s job and exclusive firms expect workers to voluntarily exceed their minimum job requirements. Investigative journalists have documented this phenomenon and have called it .

During the Age of Anxiety in the early twentieth century, literature (like art and science) became increasingly difficult for non-specialists and often lacked popular support beyond the critics. An example of this change was Ulysses, written by in 1922. It was written in a stream-of-consciousness style that mimicked the internal thoughts most people have and it was devoid of punctuation.

ended the American Revolution. Britain was forced to recognize the independence of the thirteen colonies and to cede all territory between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River to the Americans.

Anti-Semitism and violence against Jews in Europe had occurred for centuries, but during the late nineteenth century in Russia, organized anti-Jewish violence known as became common. State officials stood aside as peasants assaulted and killed Jews, looted their homes or shops, and destroyed their property. From 1880-1915, roughly 2 million of Russia’s 4 million Jews emigrated to the United States in order to escape this intense violence and persecution.

Several factions of British society criticized the new conditions created by industrial labor. Among the first to voice their opposition were the Romantic poets. One British poet, , called factories “satanic mills” and protested against the hard life of the London poor.

Napoleon’s strategy for defeating his greatest rival, Great Britain, was a form of economic warfare called . He designed an economic blockade of Great Britain and attempted to prevent British trade with any local foreign nations. This approach only had limited success as France could not control smuggling to Great Britain, particularly from Spain which aggressively opposed the blockade.