Why are older adults at higher risk of hypoglycemia when treated with insulin or secretagogues? 

A pregnant woman with a history of hypertension is experiencing increased blood pressure and swelling in her legs.  What cardiovascular changes during pregnancy could exacerbate her condition? 

A patient presents with difficulty swallowing and a history of chronic inflammation of the esophagus. Which condition is most likely causing the esophageal obstruction? 

The enteric nervous system can function independently of which of the following? 

Untreated chronic gastritis can often lead to which of the following conditions? 

A 13-year-old girl presents with the onset of puberty, including breast development and the start of menstruation.  Which hormone is primarily responsible for initiating these changes? 

A patient has a blockage in the bile duct. Which of the following processes would be directly affected?

Which system is activated to compensate for the acute hypovolemia? 

A patient with Addison’s disease has low blood pressure and high potassium levels. How does hypoaldosteronism contribute to these symptoms? 

A 70-year-old female presents with confusion, nausea, and headache. Her serum sodium level is 130 mmol/L. She has been taking diuretics for hypertension.